Now begin work on the questions.
Question 1-5
North Americans are not a people of the siesta. There is a tendency to associate afternoon naps with laziness and non-productivity. Latin Americans and some in European cultures take a different view. In Mexico and Greece, for example, it is customary to close businesses between noon and about 4.00 pm – siesta time. Recent studies are showing that if you can take a 15 to 30-minute nap while at work in the afternoon, you’ll be more alert, more energetic, happier doing what you do, more productive and therefore more likely to get ahead. Napping on the job is not yet a trend but there is serious talk in academic circles about the merits of “power napping”.
By some estimates, the average American collects an annual “sleep debt” of 500 hours-subtracting from an assumed norm of eight hours of sleep a night. Two out of three Americans get less than eight hours of sleep a night during the work week, according to a recent study by the National Sleep Foundation in Washington. Forty percent say they’re so tired that it interferes with their daily activities. Sleep researcher William Anthony, a professor of psychology at Boston University, says fatigue is a significant problem in modern society. He says sleepiness is a leading cause of auto accidents, second only to drunkenness. All that drowsiness costs an estimated $18 billion annually in lost productivity. “We have a simple message,” says Professor Anthony. “People should be allowed to nap at their breaks. The rationale is a productivity one – workers are sleepy, and when they’re sleepy on the job they’re not productive.”
Some companies are encouraging sleep at work, primarily for safety. The Metropolitan Transit Authority, which runs the New York subway system and two suburban railroads, is considering power naps for its train operators and bus drivers. Another railway has started letting its train operators take nap breaks of up to 45 minutes but only when trains are stopped at designated spots off the main lines and dispatchers have been notified. Some overseas carriers permit airline pilots when not on duty, to nap in the cockpit. Airline in the United States have not accepted this practice yet.
According to the Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming: “There is a biologically-based tendency to fall asleep in mid-afternoon just as there is a tendency to fall asleep at night.” Moreover, if sleep the night before is reduced or disturbed for any reason, a nap the subsequent afternoon is not only more likely to occur, but it can also relieve sleepiness and increase alertness. The nap zone, documented in numerous studies, is typically between noon and 3.00 pm. Some people power through this natural slowdown with caffeine or sugar but if employers allowed naps, the benefits would be improvements in mood and performance, especially in mid- afternoon. Workers would concentrate better and persevere in tasks longer. Workers commonly sneak naps even without permission but some companies have begun encouraging naps as part of their policies on boosting production.
Baca juga: Latihan Soal TOEFL 3
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is supported by recent research?
(A) Napping is an indicator of laziness.
(B) Two thirds of Americans sleep too much.
(C) Napping in the workplace is a current trend.
(D) Short naps at work increase productivity.
2. The word “it” in line 14 refers to ….
(A) the study
(B) Washington
(C) the National Sleep Foundation
(D) the lack of sleep
3. According to the passage, what is the leading cause of auto accidents?
(A) sleepiness
(B) drunkenness
(C) napping
(D) bad weather
4. According to the paragraph 4, what is the main reason why employers support the idea of naps at work?
(A) for health reasons
(B) to promote safety
(C) to increase productivity
(D) to encourage creativity
5. The word “notified” in line 27 is closest in meaning to . . .
(A) given
(B) delayed
(C) informed
(D) permitted
Questions 6-13
Alice Walker has written books of poetry and short stories, a biography, and several novels. She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. The book vividly narrates the richness and complexity of black people – especially black women – in Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It became a bestseller, selling over 4 million copies, and it was made into a successful film by noted director Steven Spielberg. The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy of black life in rural Georgia. It gets much of its special flavor from its use of the words, rhythm, and grammar of black English and from its epistolary style. Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists, but it is not often used in contemporary fiction. Unlike most epistolary novels, which have the effect of distancing the reader from the events described by the letter writer, The Color Purple uses the letter form to draw the reader into absolute intimacy with the poor, uneducated, but wonderfully observant Celie, the main character of the novel. So, the reader applauds when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails.
Baca Juga: Latihan Soal TOEFL 2
6. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) a film by Steven Spielberg
(B) the life of Alice Walker
(C) characters in the novels of William Faulkner
(D) a book by Alice Walker and reactions to it
7. According to the passage, The Color Purple is a book of ….
(A) poetry
(B) criticism
(C) fiction
(D) biography
8. The word “vividly” in line 3 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) intellectually
(B) distinctly
(C) durprisingly
(D) temporarily
9. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “drudgery” in line 9?
(A) hard work
(B) culture
(C) uniqueness
(D) long history
10. The author mentions “eighteenth-century novelists” (line 12) because …
(A) Their books, like The Color Purple, made use of the epistolary style.
(B) The Color Purple is based on episodes in their books.
(C) Their novels have a sense of absolute intimacy.
(D) Their books, like those of Alice Walker, were attacked by critics but enjoyed by readers.
11. Why does the author mention “Dilsey” in line 18?
(A) He is a main character in The Color Purple.
(B) He is similar to Celie in one way.
(C) He is the person on whom Celie was based.
(D) He wrote a book somewhat similar to The Color Purple.
12. The word “prevails” in line 18 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) changes
(B) resists
(C) triumphs
(D) impresses
13. The attitude of the author toward The Color Purple is best described as one of ….
(A) admiration
(B) alarm
(C) indifference
(D) anger
Questions 14-21
During the late Middle Ages, oil paint took hold as the artistic medium of choice because it was effective, flexible, and resilient relative to the wax-based, watercolor, fresco, or tempera paints prevalent at the time. Although contemporary commercially prepared paints contain a mixture of pigments and linseed oil, poppy oil paints are also available to connoisseurs. The original recipes developed in medieval European monasteries relied on fast-drying bases derived from various organics oils predominantly valued for their medicinal qualities. The pigments are insoluble, lightproof, and chemically inert powders ground in the base. Occasionally, varnish can be added to increase the paste’s ability to reflect light and to cover pictures with a protective seal. The resulting stiff, resinous compounds are often packaged in flexible metal or plastic tubes. Historically, yellow pigments have been added to the oil, and then the paste was layered over tin foil to imitate the appearance of gold leaf.
Despite the numerous experiments to accelerate the drying process, oil paints dry comparatively slowly with little color alteration. An important advantage of color stability is that tones and undertones are easy to blend, match, transpose, and grade, and mistakes and smudges are simple to correct. Due to the creamy consistency of most mixtures, artists can exploit their viscosity in thick applications, sprays, thin trickles, and three-dimensional blobs. The purification by boiling and filtering and bleaching of oils can impart varied hues to powdered pigments, while drying time can be reduced by adding metallic oxides. Professional painters who mix their own medium usually have their own trademark methods of mixing materials that art experts recognize as a part of an artist’s creative work.
The thickness of the paste also plays an important role in defining the stages of painting a picture. After the basic design is sketched in pencil or charcoal, the broad background or foreground areas of the canvas are covered with thin, diluted paint on top of the primer. A thicker paint, often with added varnish, is subsequently used to refine and outline the foundation. The width of the brush depends on the type of paint the artist chooses to use, and stiff bristles are usually found in narrow brushes for making sharp lines, while softer brushes of animal hair can be employed in broad strokes.
Baca juga: Latihan Soal TOEFL
14. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) the evolution and history of oil paintings and media
(B) the technology and development of drying oils
(C) the recipes and ingredients for producing oil paints
(D) the composition and techniques for mixing oil paints
15. It can be inferred from the passage that oil paintings
(A) supplanted the use of tempera and fresco
(B) took hold of the artistic choices in the Middle Ages
(C) promoted artistic talent since the early times
(D) supported the usefulness of applying paints
16. In line 5, the word “connoisseurs” is closest in meaning to
(A) explorers
(B) experts
(C) exporters
(D) experimenters
17. According to the passage, medieval monks extracted oil ….
(A) from minerals
(B) in conjunction with pigments
(C) from plants
(D) in combination with medicines
18. The word “viscosity” in line 19 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) stiffness
(B) elasticity
(C) stickiness
(D) eloquence
19. The word “their” in line 22 refers to ….
(A) medieval monks’
(B) art experts’
(C) professional painters’
(D) pigments’
20. In line 23, the word “trademark’ is closest in meaning to ….
(A) signature
(B) selection
(C) significance
(D) secret
21. The author of the passage implies that an oil painting…
(A) requires professional painters to mix their own paint
(B) contains a layer of canvas and charcoal
(C) thickens as the oil continues to dry in stages
(D) requires multiple layers of brushwork
Questions 22-31
The Roman alphabet took thousands of years to develop, from the picture writing of the ancient Egyptians through modifications by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and others. Yet in just a dozen year, one man, Sequoyah, invented an alphabet for the Cherokee people. Born in eastern Tennessee, Sequoyah was a hunter and a silversmith in his youth, as well as an able interpreter who knew Spanish, French, and English.
Sequoyah wanted his people to have the secret of the “talking leaves”, as he called the books of white people, and so he set out to design a written form of Cherokee. His chief aim was to record his people’s ancient tribal customs. He began by designing pictographs for every word in the Cherokee vocabulary. Reputedly his wife, angry at him for his neglect of garden and house, burned his notes, and he had to start over. This time, having concluded that picture-writing was cumbersome, he made symbols for the sounds of the Cherokee language. Eventually, he refined his system to eighty-five characters, which he borrowed from the Roman, Greek, and Hebrew alphabets. He presented this system to the Cherokee General Council in 1821, and it was wholeheartedly approved. The response was phenomenal. Cherokees who had struggled for months to learn English lettering in school picked up the new system in days. Several books were printed in Cherokee, and in 1828, a newspaper, The Cherokee Phoenix, was first published in the new alphabet. Sequoyah was acclaimed by his people.
In his later life, Sequoyah dedicated himself to the general advancement of his people. He went to Washington D.C., as a representative of the West tribes. He helped settle bitter differences among Cherokee after their forced movement by the federal government to the Oklahoma territory in the 1830s. He died in Mexico in 1843 while searching for groups of lost Cherokee. However, he is probably chiefly remembered today because sequoias, the giant redwood trees of California, are named after him.
Baca juga: Latihan Soal TOEFL Structure 2
22. The passage is mainly concerned with ….
(A) the development of the Roman alphabet
(B) the accomplishment of Sequoyah
(C) the pictographic system of writing
(D) Sequoyah’s experiences in Mexico
23. According to the passage, how long did it take to develop the Cherokee alphabet?
(A) twelve years
(B) twenty years
(C) eighty-five years
(D) thousands of years
24. The phrase “talking leaves” in line 7 was used to refer to ….
(A) redwood trees
(B) books
(C) symbols for sounds
(D) newspapers
25. What was Sequoyah’s main purpose in designing a Cherokee alphabet?
(A) to record Cherokee customs
(B) to write books in Cherokee
(C) to write about his own life
(D) to publish a newspaper.
26. The word “cumbersome” in line 13 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) awkward
(B) radical
(C) simplistic
(D) unfamiliar
27. In the final version of the Cherokee alphabet system, each of the characters
Represents a ….
(A) word
(B) picture
(C) sound
(D) thought
28. All of the following were mentioned in the passage as alphabet systems that Sequoyah borrowed from EXCEPT….
(A) Egyptian
(B) Roman
(C) Hebrew
(D) Greek
29. The word “wholeheartedly” in line 16 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) unanimously
(B) enthusiastically
(C) immediately
(D) ultimately
30. According to the passage, a memorial statue of Sequoyah is located in ….
(A) Oklahoma
(B) Mexico
(C) Tennessee
(D) Washington D.C.
31. Why does the author mention the giant redwood trees of California in the passage?
(A) Sequoyah took his name from those trees.
(B) The trees inspired Sequoyah to write a book.
(C) Sequoyah was born in the vicinity of the redwood forest.
(D) The trees were named in Sequoyah’s honors.
Questions 32-44
Visitors to Prince Edward Island, Canada, delight in the “unspoiled” scenery – the well-kept farms and peaceful hamlets of the island’s central core and the rougher terrain of the east and west. In reality the Island ecosystems are almost entirely artificial.
Islanders have been tampering with the natural environment since the eighteenth century and long ago broke down the Island’s natural forest cover to exploit its timber and clear land for agriculture. By 1900, 80 percent of the forest had been cut down and much of what remained had been destroyed by disease. Since then, however, some farmland has been abandoned and has returned to forest through the invasion of opportunist species, notably spruce. Few examples of the original climax forest, which consisted mostly of broadleaved trees such as maple, birch, and oak, survive today.
Apart from a few stands of native forest, the only authentic habitats on Prince Edward Island are its sand dunes and salt marshes. The dunes are formed from sand washed ashore by waves and then dried and blown by the wind to the land beyond the beach. The sand is prevented from spreading farther by marram grass, a tall, long-rooted species that grows with the dunes and keeps them remarkably stable. Marram grass acts as a windbreak and allows other plants such as beach pea and bayberry to take hold. On dunes where marram grass is broken down – for instance, where it is trampled the dunes may spread inland and inundate agricultural lands or silt up fishing harbors. The white dunes of the north coast are the most impressive. There are also white dunes on the east and west coasts. Only in the south are there red dunes, created when the soft sandstone cliffs crumble into the sea and subsequently wash ashore as red sand. The dunes were once used as cattle pasture but were abandoned as the early settlers moved inland.
Salt marshes are the second remaining authentic habitat. These bogs are the result of the flooding of low coastal areas during unusually high tides. In the interval between tides, a marsh area remains and plants take root, notably cord grass, the “marsh hay” used by the early settlers as winter forage for their livestock. Like the dunes, though, the marshes were soon dismissed as wasteland and escaped development.
Baca juga: Latihan Soal TOEFL Structure
32. On what aspect of Prince Edward Island does the author focus?
(A) its tourist industry
(B) its beaches
(C) its natural habitats
(D) its agriculture
33. Why does the author use quotation marks around the word “Unspoiled” in line 1?
(A) He is quoting from another author.
(B) The scenery is not as attractive as it once was.
(C) The scenery looks unspoiled but it is not.
(D) He disagrees with the ideas in this paragraph.
34. The word “hamlets” in line 2 is closest in meaning to…
(A) villages
(B) forests
(C) rivers
(D) pastures
35. The phrase “tampering with” in line 5 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) preserving
(B) interfering with
(C) remembering
(D) dealing with
36. What can be inferred about Prince Edward Island’s forests?
(A) Only a few small stands of trees still exist.
(B) They are more extensive than they were in 1900.
(C) They are virtually the same as they were in the eighteenth century.
(D) About 80 percent of the island is covered by them.
37. Which of the following type of tree is most common in the forests of Prince Edward Island today?
(A) oak
(B) birch
(C) spruce
(D) maple
38. What does the author say about beach pea and bayberry?
(A) They have become commercially important plants.
(B) They grow on dunes after marram grass is established.
(C) They were once an important food crop for early settlers.
(D) They are spreading across the Island, destroying important crops.
39. According to the passage, what effect does the destruction of marram grass have?
(A) It permits the sand dune to cover farmland.
(B) It creates better conditions for fishing.
(C) It allows seawater to flood agricultural land.
(D) It lets the sand wash into the sea.
40. The word “trampled” in line 20 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) ripped up
(B) flooded
(C) stepped on
(D) burned
41. Which of the following words in paragraph 4 is given as a synonym for the word “marshes” in line 27?
(A) tides
(B) plants
(C) bogs
(D) settlers
42. According to the passage, in which part of Prince Edward Island are red sand dunes found?
(A) The north
(B) The east
(C) The south
(D) The west
43. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage about both the sand dunes and salt marshes of Prince Edward Island?
(A) They have never be used.
(B) They were once used but have long since been abandoned.
(C) They have been used continuously since the island was first settled.
(D) They were long unused but have recently been exploited.
44. In which of these paragraphs does the author discuss the destruction of an ecosystem?
(A) the first
(B) the second
(C) the third
(D) the fourth
Questions 45-50
Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, is really much more sophisticated than that of a computer. Researchers approaching the problem from a variety of points of views have all concluded that there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed. Dr, Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of complex events in his subjects’ lives. Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten formany years suddenly emerged in detail.
The memorytrace is the term for whateverforms the internal representationof the specific information about the events stored in the memory. Assumed to have been made by structural changes in the brain, the memory trace is not subject to direct observation but is rather a theoretical construct that is used to speculate about how information presented at a particular time can cause performance at a later time. Most theories include the strength of the memory trace as a variable in the degree of learning, retention, and retrieval possible for a memory. One theory is that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result of an almost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cells, stimulated by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the same information support recall. Or, to say that another way, improved performance is the result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.
Psychologists generally divide memory into at least two types, short- term memory and long-term memory, which combine to form working memory. Short-term memory contains what we are actively focusing on at any particular time, but items are not retained longer than twenty or thirty seconds without verbal rehearsal. We use short-term memory when we look up a telephone number and repeat it to ourselves until we can place the call. On the other hand, long-term memory can store facts, concepts, and experiences after we stop thinking about them. All conscious processing of information, as in problem solving for example, involves both short-term and long-term memory. As we repeat, rehearse, and recycle information, the memory trace strengthened, allowing that information to move from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Baca juga: Soal dan Pembahasan TOEFL Structure (Part 2)
45. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) Wilder Penfield
(B) neurosurgery
(C) human memory
(D) chemical reactions
46. Compared with a computer, a human memory is ….
(A) more complex
(B) more limited
(C) less dependable
(D) less durable
47. How did Penfield stimulate dreams and other minor events from the past?
(A) by surgery
(B) by electrical stimulation
(C) by repetition
(D) by chemical stimulation
48. The word “bonds” in line 20 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) promises
(B) agreements
(C) connections
(D) responsibilities
49. Why does the author mention looking up a telephone number?
(A) It is an example of long-term memory.
(B) It is an example of a weak memory trace.
(C) It is an example of how we move short-term memory to long-term memory.
(D) It is an example of short-term memory.
50. With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?
(A) The mind has a much greater capacity for memory than was previously believed.
(B) The physical basis for memory is clear.
(C) Different points of views are valuable.
(D) Human memory is inefficient.
Baca juga: Soal dan Pembahasan TOEFL Structure (Part 1)
Jawaban :
1. Jawab : D => Short naps at work increase productivity
Kata kunci : a 15 to 30-minute nap while at work in the afternoon,…, more productive
2. Jawab : D => the lack of sleep
Kata kunci : get less than eight hours of sleep a night during the work week
3. Jawab : B => drunkennes
Kata kunci : second only to drunkenness
4. Jawab : C => to increase productivity
Kata kunci : encouraging naps as part of their policies on boosting production.
5. Jawab : C => Informed
Kata kunci : dispatchers have been notified
6. Jawab : A => A book by Alice Walker and reactions to it
Kata kunci : She is probably best known for her novel The Color Purple, published in 1982. … Although the novel came under bitter attack by certain critics and readers, it was applauded by others and won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for fiction.
7. Jawab : C => Fiction
Kata kunci : best known for her novel The Color Purple,… the Pulitzer Prize for fiction
8. Jawab : B => Distinctly
Kata kunci : The book vividly narrates
9. Jawab : A => Hard work
Kata kunci : The novel reveals the horror, drudgery, and joy of black life in rural Georgia.
10. Jawab : A => Their books, like The Color Purple, made use of the epistolary style.
Kata kunci : Telling a story through letters was a narrative structure commonly used by eighteenth-century novelists
11. Jawab : B => he is similar to Celie in one way
Kata kunci : … when Celie, like William Faulkner’s character Dilsey, does not simply survive, but prevails.
12. Jawab: C => triumphs
Kata kunci : does not simply survive, but prevails.
13. Jawab : A => admiration
Kata kunci : vividly narrates, its special flavor,
14. Jawab : D => The composition and techniques for mixing oil paints
Kata kunci : The original recipes … relied on fast-drying bases derived from various organics oils, … varnish can be added to increase the paste’s ability, … The purification by boiling and filtering and bleaching of oils can impart varied hues to powdered pigments, while drying time can be reduced by adding metallic oxides.
15. Jawab : A => supplanted the use of tempera and fresco
Kata kunci : oil paint took hold as the artistic medium of choice… relative to … fresco, or tempera paints prevalent at the time.
16. Jawab : B => experts
Kata kunci : Although contemporary commercially prepared paints contain … are also available to connoisseurs
17. Jawab : C => from plants
Kata kunci : various organics oils predominantly valued for their medicinal qualities
18. Jawab : C => stickiness
Kata kunci : can exploit their viscosity in thick applications
19. Jawab : C => professional painters’
Kata kunci : Professional painters who mix their own medium
20. Jawab : A => signature
Kata kunci : have their own trademark methods of mixing materials that art experts recognize as a part of an artist’s creative work.
21. Jawab : D => requires multiple layers of brushwork
Kata kunci : After the basic design is sketched.., the broad background…are covered with thin, diluted paint on top of the primer. A thicker paint, often with added varnish, is subsequently used to refine and outline the foundation.
22. Jawab : B => the accomplishment of Sequoyah
Kata kunci : he made symbols for the sounds of the Cherokee language
23. Jawab : A => Twelve years
Kata kunci : Yet in just a dozen year, one man, Sequoyah, invented an alphabet for the Cherokee
24. Jawab : B => Books
Kata kunci : the secret of the “talking leaves”, as he called the books of white people
25. Jawab : A => to record Cherokee customs
Kata kunci : His chief aim was record his people’s ancient tribal custom.
26. Jawab : A => awkward
Kata kunci : This time, having concluded that picture-writing was cumbersome,
27. Jawab: C => sound
Key word : he made symbols for the sounds of the Cherokee language.
28. Jawab : A => Egyptian
Kata kunci : which he borrowed from the Roman, Greek, and Hebrew alphabets
29. Jawab : B => enthusiastically
Kata kunci : it was wholeheartedly approved
30. Jawab : D => Washington D.C.
Kata kunci : A statue of Sequoyah … in the Capitol buildings in Washington D.C.
31. Jawab : D => The trees were named in Sequoyah’s honors.
Kata kunci : sequoias, the giant redwood trees of California, are named after him
32. Jawab : C => its natural habitats
Kata kunci : the only authentic habitats on Prince Edward Island are its sand dunes and salt marshes
33. Jawab : C => the scenery looks unspoiled but it is not
Kata kunci : delight in the “unspoiled” scenery… In reality the Island ecosystems are almost entirely artificial.
34. Jawab : A => villages
Kata kunci : and peaceful hamlets of the island’s central core
35. Jawab : B => interfering with
Kata kunci : Islanders have been tampering with the natural environment since
36. Jawab : B => They are more extensive than they were in 1900.
Kata kunci : however, some farmland has been abandoned and has returned to forest through the invasion
37. Jawab : C => spruce
Kata kunci : however, some farmland has been abandoned and has returned to forest through the invasion of opportunist species, notably spruce.
38. Jawab : B => they grow on dunes after marram grass is established
Kata kunci : Marram grass acts as a windbreak and allows other plants such as beach pea and bayberry to take hold
39. Jawab : A => it permits the sand dune to cover farmland
Kata kunci : the dunes may spread inland and inundate agricultural lands or silt up fishing harbors
40. Jawab : C => stepped on
Kata kunci : where it is trampled
41. Jawab : C => bogs
Kata kunci : Salt marshes are the second remaining authentic habitat. These bogs are the result
42. Jawab: C => the south
Kata kunci : Only in the south are there red dunes
43. Jawab : B => They were once used but have long since been abandoned
Kata kunci: The dunes were once used as cattle pasture but were abandoned …. Like the dunes, though, the marshes were soon dismissed …
44. Jawab : B => the second
Kata kunci : broke down the Island’s natural forest cover to exploit its timber and clear land for agriculture
45. Jawab : C => human memory
Kata kunci : Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, is really much more sophisticated than that of a computer
46. Jawab : A => more complex
Kata kunci : Human memory, … is really much more sophisticated than that of a computer
47. Jawab : B => by electrical stimulation
Kata kunci : by stimulating their brains electrically
48. Jawab : C => Connections
Kata kunci : improved performance is the result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.
49. Jawab : D => it is an example of short-term memory
Kata kunci : We use short-term memory when we look up a telephone number
50. Jawab : A => The mind has a much greater capacity for memory than was previously believed
Kata kunci : there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed.
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